History of English Drama

Drama:

1) Drama is a composition in verse or prose to be acted on the stage, in which a story is related by means of dialogue and action and is represented with, accompanying gesture, costume and scenery as in real life.

2) Drama is a composition designed for performance in the theatre in which actors take the roles of the characters, perform the indicated action and utter the written dialogue

The elements of drama are-

1. plot

2. characterization

3. dialogue

4. settings

5. stage directions

6. conflict

7. theme

(I) Introduction to English Theatre:

Drama has its origins in folk theatre. Drama is a multiple art using words, scenic effects, music, gestures of the actors and the organising talents of a producer. The dramatist must have players, a stage and an audience.

     The beginnings of drama in England are obscure. There is evidence to believe that when the Romans were in England, they established vast amphitheaters for the production of plays but when the Romans departed their theatre departed with them. 

 (Amphitheaters: a circular building without a roof and with rows of seats that rise in steps around an open space. Amphitheaters were used in ancient Greece and Rome.) 

Then there were minstrels. (Minstrels: a medieval singer or musician, especially one who sang or recited lyric or heroic poetry to a musical accompaniment for the nobility.) People enjoyed their performances. 

Gradually by the 10th century the ritual of the plays that itself had something dramatic in it and had got few features of a play.

Between the 13th and 14th century drama started having themes which were separated from religion. The words themselves were spoken in English, a longer dramatic script came into use, and they were called as Miracle plays. 

(Miracle plays: Miracle plays are among the earliest formally developed plays in medieval Europe. These plays focused on the representation of Bible stories in churches.)

Later, these religious dramas were the Morality plays in which characters were abstract vices and virtues. (Mortality Plays:a kind of allegorical drama having personified abstract qualities as the main characters and presenting a lesson about good conduct and character, popular in the 15th and early 16th centuries.) These were allegories. (Allegory:a story, play, picture, etc. in which each character or event is a symbol representing an idea or a quality, such as truth, evil, death, etc.; the use of such symbols.)

(II) Elizabethan and Restoration Theatre: 

The Secular Morality plays have direct links with Elizabethan plays.

Features of the Renaissance Period:

i) They imposed a learned tradition. 

ii) They were classical in depth with themes of education. 

iii) They presented general moral problems. 

iv) They showed secular politics. 

v) These plays had nothing to do with religion. 

vi) There were examples of both, comedy and tragedy. 

Prime Dramatists:

Thomas Kyd, Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare are the prime dramatists of this era. 

It was Kyd who discovered how easily blank verse might be converted into a useful theatrical medium which Shakespeare used brilliantly in all his plays.

     Tragedy developed in the hands of Kyd and Marlowe. 

Comedy had also proceeded beyond rustic humour. 

By the nineties of the 16th century, the theatre in England was fully established but complicated conditions governed the activities of the dramatist.

The public theatre of the 16th century: 

i) It differed in many important ways from the modern theatre. 

ii) It was open to sky.

iii) They were without artificial lighting. 

iv) The stage was a raised platform with the recess at the back supported by pillars. 

v)There was no curtain and the main platform could be surrounded on three sides by the audience. 

vi) There were galleries around the theatre. 

In the 17th century the enclosed theatre gained importance. There was increasing attention to scenic device as theatre became private.

William Shakespeare:

Shakespearean era came into existence in the 16th century to the public theatre. He wrote for the contemporary theatre, manipulating the Elizabethan stage with great resource and invention. William Shakespeare was an English playwright, poet, and actor, widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's greatest dramatist. He is often called England's national poet and the "Bard of Avon".

Ben Johnson: 

Ben Johnson was contemporary to William Shakespeare. He was a classicist, a moralist and a reformer of drama. In comedy, Johnson’s genius is found at its best and his influence was considerable. The Restoration dramatists leaned strongly upon him.

Closing of theatres:

Closing of theatres by the Puritans in 1642. The Puritans were English Protestants in the 16th and 17th centuries who sought to purify the Church of England of Roman Catholic practices, maintaining that the Church of England had not been fully reformed and should become more Protestant. With the Civil wars no theatre existed between 1642 to 1660. 

The next phase which appeared after the Restoration produced a very different kind of dramatic literature. Dramatists like Chapman, Thomas Middleton, Webster and Dekker were at the forefront.

    When Charles II came back with the Restoration of 1660, the theatres were reopened. The Restoration comedy achieved its peculiar excellence. Drama developed into class drama with upper-class ethos. It lasted beyond this period into the first decade of the 18th century. 

Comedy in the early 18th century declined into sentimentalism. It became Comedy of Manners. George Etherege was its most important exponent. From such depths the drama was rescued by Oliver Goldsmith and Richard Sheridan. 

(III) Modern Theatre: 

Features:

1) Use of picture frame stage. 

2) Actresses taking female parts. 

3) Moveable scenery designed to create a visual image for each scene.

4) Use of artificial lights. 

5) Irregular spectacle, melodrama and farce. 

6) Monopoly held by the two houses, Covent Garden and Drury Lane, for the performance of serious drama.

7) The audiences which gathered to the 19thcentury theatre had not the intelligence or the imagination of the Elizabethan audience. 

8) The danger in the 19th century theatre was that, above all, it was unrelated to the life of the time. 

Henrik Ibsen: 

    Ibsen was the great Norwegian dramatist of the 19th century. He dominates the modern drama. He developed modernist, realist, social and psychological dramas like The Doll’s house, Ghosts, and An Enemy of the People. They are far more subtle in stagecraft and profound in thought than anything in the modern English theatre.

G. B. Shaw:

    George Bernard Shaw was deeply influenced and affected by Ibsen’s innovative contributions and experimentation. He was the most brilliant playwrights of his times. He alone had understood the greatness of Ibsen and he was determined that his own plays should also be a vehicle for ideas. 

The responsibility of elevation of the English drama to the brilliance of the Ibsen, fell with Oscar Wilde and G. B. Shaw in the late 19th and early 20th century.

The 20th century Drama:

The 20th century showed a talent in the drama with which the 19th century could not compete. H. Granville Barker, John Galsworthy, St. John Ervine were some of the playwrights who explored contemporary problems. St. John Ervine had been associated with a group of Irish dramatists whose work was normally produced in the Abbey theatre in Dublin. Much that is best in the modern drama in English developed from this movement. One of its originators were Lady Gregory with W. B. Yeats and J. M. Synge. They were the most important dramatists of this Irish revival who used a sense of tragic irony, a violent species of humour and a rich and highly flavoured language.

   T.S. Eliot experimented with Greek tragedy in the early forties of the 20th century. Other dramatists of the modern era, John Osborne, wrote on people who grew up after the Second World War. 

Kingsley Amis wrote about frustrated, anti-establishment young people. Osborne’s ‘Look Back in Anger’ brought a new vitality to the theatre scene. It was more a cultural phenomenon than the work of literature. 

Other important playwrights of the modern era include Anton Chekhov, Bertolt Brecht, Eugene O’Neill, Arthur Miller, Tennessee William, Eugène Ionesco, Samuel Beckett and Harold Pinter.

(IV) Indian Theatre:

Featurers:

i) Earliest seeds of modern Indian Drama can be found in the Sanskrit Drama. 

ii) From the first century A.D. ‘Mahabhasya’ by Patanjali provides a feasible date for the beginning of theatre in India. 

iii) ‘A Treatise on Theatre’ (Natya Shastra) by Bharat Muni is the most complete work of dramatology in the ancient world. It gives mythological account of the origin of theatre. 

iv) Modern Indian drama however, has influences from all over the world, as well as Sanskrit and Urdu traditions.

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Objective Test

1) Name any four periods of History of British Drama.

Answer:- The four periods of History of British Drama are:

i) Medieval period 

ii) Renaissance period

iii) Restoration period 

iv) Victorian period

2) List the four elements of drama.

Answer:- The four elements of drama are plot, characters, theme and stage directions.  

3) State a type of drama each from any four periods of history.

Answer:- 

i) Medieval period          

:- Robin Hood, Everyman 

ii) Renaissance period           

:- Romeo and Juliet, Duchess of Malfi

iii) Restoration period   

:- All for Love, The Way of the World

iv) Victorian period        

:- The Importance of Being Earnest, A Doll’s House

4) Compare the features of a comedy and tragedy.

Answer:- 

Comedy

Tragedy

i) A comedy deals with humorous story with a happy ending.

i) The tragedy deals with a serious or darker themes with sad ending.

ii) A comedy creates laughter and fun.

ii) A tragedy creates emotions of pity and fear.

iii) A comedy depends mostly on unusual circumstances and witty dialogues

iii) In tragedy the main character mostly has a moral flaw that causes the tragic end.

iv) A Comedy uses humorous dialogues and situations to give relief

iv) A tragedy evokes pity for the characters and teach moral lesson. 

5) Define drama.

Answer:- Drama is a composition in verse or prose to be acted on the stage. It tells a story through action, costume, setting and dialogue.

.

Chapter 4: History of English Drama

Name any four periods of History of British Drama.

SOLUTION

The periods of History of British Drama are as follows:

The Medieval Period

The Renaissance Period

The Restoration Period

The Victorian Period

The Modern Period

The Postmodern Era.

List the four elements of drama.

SOLUTION

The elements of drama are plot, characters, characterization, dialogue, stage directions, conflict, and theme.

State a type of drama each from any four periods of history.

SOLUTION

The periods of the history of British Drama are each well known for their characteristic plays. These are of the following types:

Medieval Period: Didactic plays, Mystery plays, Miracle plays, Cycle plays, Morality plays.

Renaissance Period: Tragic – Comedy, Melancholy, Revenge plays.

Restoration Period: Heroic drama, Pathetic drama, Restoration drama, Restoration comedy.

Victorian Period: All types of plays.

Modern Period: Stream of consciousness, Absurd plays, Poetic drama, Radio drama.

Post-Modern Era: Almost all types of dramas, Kitchen sink drama.

Compare the features of a comedy and tragedy.

SOLUTION

Comedy and Tragedy differ from each other in the following ways:

 

 

Comedy

Tragedy

a.

Theme

A Comedy deals with lighter themes like happiness, fun, laughter, etc.

A Tragedy deals with the darker themes of pain, death, etc.

b.

Response

A Comedy seeks to evoke laughter.

A Tragedy seeks to induce emotions of pity and fear in the audience.

c.

Plot

A Comedy relies on unusual circumstances and witty dialogues.

In a Tragedy, the main character usually has a moral flaw that causes the central tragic event.

State the difference between poetry and drama.

SOLUTION

Drama is a medium of expression through performance based on a script. This script is written in the form of dialogues. On the other hand, poetry language is expressed in rhythm and metre.

State the difference between drama and novel.

SOLUTION

Drama is a medium of expression through performance based on a script. While the script of a drama is written in the form of dialogues, a story or novel is written in a narrative form, i.e., in a manner that is similar to telling a story.

Define drama.

SOLUTION

Drama is a creative work in verse or prose that aims to tell a story through action, costume, setting as well as dialogue and is typically performed in a theatre.

Explain the term plot.

SOLUTION

The plot is the series of events that take place during the course of the play. It is like the plan or scheme of the play. It has a beginning, middle, and an end.

Differentiate between characters and characterization.

SOLUTION

While the characters of a drama are the personalities that the actors must play, characterization refers to the understanding of the unique qualities of the actors and gaining insight into who they are, and establishing connections with them.

Enlist a few reasons for watching a drama live on the stage.

SOLUTION

Some of the reasons for watching a drama live on stage are:

Each performance is unique: Unlike watching a movie on the screen, each performance differs from the next, even when the same play is being performed. This is because the emotions of the actors, their gestures, dialogue delivery, etc. can never be exactly the same for every performance.

The audience is a part of the performance: The reaction of the audience may directly influence the actors and as a result, they might change or modify their performance. Thus, the audience is a crucial part of each performance.

It is an experience in reality: Unlike a movie screen, everything that happens on stage seems more real. Because the performance unfolds before our very eyes, there is a greater connection to the characters and story as compared to watching it on a screen.

Every aspect is visible: In a live performance, the audience can choose to focus on whatever aspect of the drama that they like, no matter how minor. This is because the entire setting is visible to them at the same time, unlike a movie screen, in which the character or frame to be shown to the audience is pre decided.

Makes a Good Paragraph

 Paragraphs are distinct blocks of text which section out a larger piece of writing—stories, novels, articles, creative writing or professional writing pieces—making it easier to read and understand. Good paragraphs are a handy writing skill for many forms of literature, and good writers can greatly enhance the readability of their news, essays, or fiction writing when constructed properly.

A good paragraph is composed of a topic sentence (or key sentence), relevant supporting sentences, and a closing (or transition) sentence. This structure is key to keeping your paragraph focused on the main idea and creating a clear and concise image.

While creative writing does not necessarily follow the traditional paragraph structure, it’s more about scene building and continuing a narrative. Efficient, well-written paragraphs are a staple of good flash fiction and short fiction writing, as short stories need to stay more focused on a central idea. As long as your sentences form cohesive ideas and connect to one another, you can write a good paragraph.

Tips for Structuring and Writing Better Paragraphs

Whether you’re writing a short paragraph or a long paragraph, each should follow the same basic rules of structure. While this format is not as rigid when writing fiction as it is for non-fiction, the information or story you craft must logically or sequentially relate to the next paragraph. These elements help the coherency of your body paragraphs, tying them together to unify around an idea, or set up a narrative story.

1. Make the first sentence of your topic sentence. The first line of your first paragraph sets up what information is to come as your audience reads on. Even in fiction, the introduction of a paragraph either establishes an idea or scenario or continues one from the paragraph before. Regardless of what format or genre you’re writing for, every good paragraph starts with a central focus that the rest of the paragraph will aim to support.

2. Provide support via the middle sentences. These sentences include follow-up information to your key sentence or previous paragraph. Whatever idea you aim to convey, these sentences are where you convince your reader to believe or envision what you do, and give them everything they need to see your point of view.

3. Make your last sentence a conclusion or transition. Even if it’s not at the end of the piece, a conclusive sentence can refer to the last line of its own paragraph, which concludes a particular idea or train of thought before moving on to start a new line for the next paragraph. This next paragraph can continue on the same idea, but the ending of each paragraph should briefly summarize the information that was provided before moving on.

4. Know when to start a new paragraph. A paragraph break is necessary when starting a new topic, introducing a new speaker, contrasting other POVs or ideas, or providing white space to give readers a pause from a longer paragraph. For example, in a novel, you may start a new paragraph when bringing in a new character, or specify when a different character is speaking, which can help the reader separate action text from dialogue more readily. Paragraph breaks can control the pacing of your writing, and generate particular feelings or moods for your reader. While there is no set amount of sentences required per paragraph, in some instances, a single paragraph may consist of a single sentence, but it is acceptable as long as it supports your central idea, and doesn’t overwhelm your audience with too much information.

5. Use transition words. Transition words help tie together separate paragraphs, connecting them to form a coherent idea. Phrases like “in addition” or “moreover” can help readers track your ideas and understand how they relate to each other, making for a smoother, more pleasant reading experience. This is especially useful for essay writers and bloggers, who often focus on a singular idea at a time to share with their audience.

the sower

Q1. who is a sower?

Fisher

A Person who plucks the seed

A Person who plants a seed

A Person who cuts trees

2.Q. who is the speaker of the poem?

lucy clifford

victor marie hugo

gabriel garcia

charles de coster

3.Q. what time of day is it?

afternoon

morning

eveninig

night

4.Q. who translated the poem sower?

robert louis

toru dutt

st jerome

sir richard

5.Q. where was the speaker sitting?

chair

hut

farm

porchway

6. Fill-in-the blanks

a. black and high his .......................

b. the sons of .................. never get tired

8.Q. the time period of victor marie hugo

1846-1928

1802-1885

1802-1888

1913-2005

9.Q. what is the meaning of ruddy

being rude

having healthy red in colour

a peice of old cloth

night time

10Q. What is the rhyme scheme of the poem The Sower?

 ABBA

ABAB

ABCD

ABCC

11. The sower is a ........................ poem.

Romantic

Open verse

Free verse

Sonnet 

12. In the end, ___________________

the sower becomes invisible due to darkness

the shadow of sower reaches the sky

the sower and the poet meets

the sower goes home. 

Blogs

Go through the blog given in the text and also refer to different blogs on the internet about various social issues and environmental hazards. Now write blogs on the following topics.

Blog format

Ans.      EARTH WITHOUT TREES

How the Earth would look like with no trees, have you ever thought of that? Imagine what will happen to all the life forms if no trees exist on Earth? What will happen if all the flora of our Earth gets depleted or destroyed by the mankind itself? The mere of thought of this gives us sheer goose bumps, but are we taking the matter that seriously?

According to a study published in journal there are more than three trillion trees in the world. Trees, since eternity have played a major role by providing us with abundant food, wood, shelter and pollution free air. Each and every living organism on earth, the tiniest to the humongous needs oxygen to stay alive and we get this oxygen from trees. Trees also play a major role in maintaining the balance in climatic change and weather; they help in rainfall and also help in controlling pollution. We have seen it clearly; the places where are fewer trees, pollution tends to grow in those areas.

The survival of living organisms including humans will be threatened. And all the life forms on the Earth will perish in the absence of trees.If there won’t be any tree left on earth, mankind will suffer dreadfully. Many animals, birds and rodents would be deeply affected by the annihilation of trees. There will be paucity food, medicines and a plethora of other natural resources. We can’t imagine the world without those simplest of pleasures that we enjoy through with nature like a morning walk among the beautiful trees or a park full of trees, the sound of chirping birds, going for picnics in such places where there plenty of flora and fauna makes our heart fill with joy.

So, we can very well see that how life on earth would be impossible without trees. We should try to do our part to protect the trees as much as we can so that even our future generation can enjoy the benefits that we get from trees.

 

MAN VS NATURE

“There is something infinitely healing in the repeated refrains of nature—the assurance that dawn comes after night, and spring after winter.”

–Rachel Carson

“For most of history, man has had to fight nature to survive; in this century he is beginning to realize that, in order to survive, he must protect it.”

–Jacques-Yves Cousteau

Reading the above quotations, we can very well understand that how deep the impact of nature is, on human beings, only if we see to understand its true worth in our lives. The second quote by Jacques-Yves Cousteau says the ultimate truth that how human beings have fought with nature and led almost to its extinction because of our own survival. We failed to understand the truth that to survive in the best possible way we have to go hand in hand with the nature and not against it.

Man’s path to urbanization and modernization has led to extreme destruction of nature and natural resources. Man and Nature always had continuous and an eternal conflict between them since eternity and this tremendous impact on nature and this continuous conflict is majorly because of the human actions.

 

Man has incautiously used natural resources profusely since the very beginning of man’s existence, whether it is because of hunting for food to digging down the earth for natural resources or even in the name of archeological studies. Man has exploited nature to the extreme. Nature has given its all to us, helped and nurtured us in all the possible ways, but man has gone too far with it, thus nature has now contradicted its actions and the results are extreme, which is unbearable for human beings. Overuse and misuse of natural resources has led to natural calamities like droughts, famines, earthquakes, floods and landslides. Man’s negligence and lack of approbation for nature has also resulted in the loss of nature.

 

This conflict now seems to be never ending. The only possible way for this conflict to end is in the hand of mankind. Now we have to understand nature’s true worth and change ourselves in the ways of how we use or misuse the natural resources and should learn to respect the nature so that it keeps on nurturing us as it always did.

 

CHILDLABOUR: A CURSE TO HUMANITY

 

“There can be no keener revelation of a society’s soul than the way in which it treats its children.”

-Nelson Mandela

Child Labour means employing children below the age of 14 – 18 years old, in industries, factories etc. Although, child labour is illegal and punishable act as per the government laws, still, it is highly prevalent in our country and number of factories hire young children to work for them and are paid namesake wages and even in many places they are mistreated as well. Child labour is really shameful thing for humanity. It is a crime against humanity and truthfulness. Child labour leads to deterioration of the country. How a child is treated in a nation shows how the future of that nation will be as it is well said, children are the future of any country.

As we say the children are the future of nation, they should be educated well and should be send to school, they should enjoy and learn new things, but unfortunately their future goes at stake working in these factories and industries. Higher rate of poverty, unemployment are some of the major reasons that children are forced to do such jobs forcefully. We are also the reason of this problem. It is majorly seen in countries which have higher population and poverty rate is also high and it is unfortunate to state that India is one such country and this problem will be prevalent unless and until we ourselves try to control the population.

Smoke, carbon di oxide, global warming, breathing trouble, problems of asthma, smoke from factories, water, air, soil pollution, oxygen, ozone layer depletion, diseases, climatic changes, ultraviolet rays, planting trees.

A4.) Given below are a few topics for blog writing. Discuss and write.

Ans. (1)                                   PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT

Personality is the combination of characteristics or qualities that form an individual’s distinctive character. It is a perfect concoction of a person’s physical and psychological development and other attributes. It also comprises of the person’s positive as well negative traits.For the overall and appropriate development of our personality starts with understanding our own selves first. In this blog, I am going to discuss some easy ways,that I personally feel are important, to develop our personality and become a better version of ourselves.

1) Analyzing ourselves in and out – To develop our personality in a positive way first of all we need to analyze our own selves, we need to find out both the positive as well as negative traits within us and jot them down. It is a very helpful task and helps us to know ourselves better.

 

2) Focusing on our positive traits – Once we have jotted down our positive traits, we now need to rub up those positive traits and keep on developing them more and more which will help us to enhance our personality more and thrive ourselves as a better person.

 

3) Working on our detrimental traits – Now that we know both our positive and evil traits and have brushed up our positive qualities, we are now confident enough. Now the next most important step is to work on the negative traits that weaken our personality.

We can work on them by being thoughtful and learn to evaluate our personality by being patient. We shouldn’t be aggressive. Practicing regular meditation helps a lot in curbing our personality in a positive way. If we feel like we need some help to discuss and get some positive advices, we should take such kind of helps as well from our family, close friends or directly talking to a counselor. Reading good books, gaining knowledge helps a lot in the development of overall personality. As it is rightly said,

“A book is a garden, an orchard, a storehouse, a party, a company by the way, a counselor, a multitude of counselors.”

-Charles Baudelaire

Having a positive personality is not a thing we can get in a day or two. It is a continuous process, on which we need to invest and work on so that it will shine bright one day.

 

(2)      HEALTH AND FITNESS

We have heard this saying many a times that health is wealth and cannot disagree with it that our health is truly our wealth. But do we really take care of our health, just as we take care of our wealth? There is nothing more important in our lives than good health. Without a healthy mind and body, we cannot stay happy and if we are not happy from within then for sure we won’t find mental peace, and without these mentioned things, no success in life. Good health is a boon that keeps us optimistic, thus happy and successful. However, these days with the prevalent lifestyle not many people are able to take care of this wealth, so let’s see what all we can do to maintain a healthy lifestyle and become happy and successful.

Though it seems to be one difficult task, but it takes absolutely nothing to stay healthy and fit. We just need to maintain a very healthy lifestyle, which includes healthy diet, maintenance of hygiene, regular exercise or yoga and meditation. And with all these we need to have a pragmatic outlook towards life, a person’s positive attitude towards life matter the most.

Now-a-days when market is filled with multitude of junk foods, frozen foods and processed food items, we need to have a proper and nutritious diet which can keep us physically fit. Yes, we do feel the urge to eat junk foods sometimes, but that should be taken in limit and not every day, which will eventually lead to various health problems.

Besides having healthy and nutritious food, we need to do some physical activities as well, like going for morning walks, or exercise or I personally feel yoga and meditation is one of the best ways to keep our body as well as mind healthy. Regular practice of yoga and meditation reduces stress, which is very common these days with extreme work pressure on adults and kids too face a lot of stress now a days. Yoga and meditation also helps reducing the blood sugar level and various other health issues.

Hope people understand the importance of good health and try to cultivate a healthy lifestyle; especially the young generation should understand what a boon it is to have healthy mind and body and to live stress free life.

 

(3)                                                        SOCIAL DYNAMICS

We humans are social animals. Human beings cannot live in some lone places, without society or other social beings and their actions are greatly influenced by the people around them. We are born in a society and grow up according to the social set ups, customs, values and traditions of the society and hence learn those customs and values while growing up.

Each and every individual in a society is different, acts and behaves differently. When we interact with other people in society, we tend to see new behavior and hence decide what is good and bad and what we should cultivate and what not. Thus social dynamics is in the behavior of a group that highly influences other people of a group in a society.

Social dynamics involve the study of interrelationship of people with one another.  It is the study of the behavior of groups that results from the interactions of individual group members as well to the study of the relationship between individual interactions and group level behaviors. Two or more people come together to make a group. People in a group interact, share their thoughts, ideas and knowledge. Thus, these exchange of thoughts, knowledge and ideas bring about changes in the behavior of other social beings. People learn to interact and socialize and also bring about heterogeneity in their behavior, bringing change in the society.

(4) Communication skills      (5) Self-defense.  (On the basis of the blogs written above as examples, students will try to write the topics on their own.)

The New Dress